BARRIERS TO EDUCATION: UNDERSTANDING THE ROOT CAUSES OF OUT-OF-SCHOOL CHILDREN IN ZARIA LOCAL GOVERNMENT, KADUNA STATE, NIGERIA

Abstract

Education is a fundamental human right and a key driver of economic and social development. However, Nigeria continues to struggle with a high number of out-of-school children, particularly in rural areas such as Zaria Local Government in Kaduna State. This paper examines the systemic barriers that hinder access to education, including economic hardship, cultural norms, inadequate infrastructure, and security challenges. It highlights the impact of poverty, the hidden costs of education, child labour, and gender disparities on school enrollment. The study also addresses the influence of traditional and religious education systems and the effects of weak governance and corruption on educational outcomes. Furthermore, counterarguments regarding government interventions, alternative education models, and security concerns are critically analysed. To address these challenges, the paper recommends increased government funding, stronger policy enforcement, community engagement, alternative learning approaches, and enhanced school security measures. By implementing these strategies, stakeholders can work towards an inclusive and sustainable education system that ensures every child has access to quality education, ultimately fostering national development and social stability.