NIGERIAN JOURNAL OF RURAL FINANCE AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
The Nigerian Journal of Rural Finance and Entrepreneurship (NJRFE) is a biannual, double-blind, peer-reviewed journal that focuses on theoretical, empirical, and conceptual research in the broad fields of entrepreneurship, rural finance, management, and economics. To ensure originality and scholarly relevance, each submission undergoes a rigorous review process involving at least one peer reviewer and an editorial review. Submitted papers must be original, unpublished, and not under consideration for publication elsewhere. To uphold academic integrity and ethical standards, all submissions will undergo a plagiarism check. Papers that fail the plagiarism test will be rejected. The opinions expressed in published articles are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Editorial Board. The NJRFE is published twice a year, in June and December. A maximum of two submissions per issue is allowed per author as the lead author.
International Centre of Excellence for Rural Finance and Entrepreneurship (ICERFE), Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
EFFECT OF START-UP CAPITAL ON THE OUTCOME OF ENTREPRENEURSHIPBUSINESS AMONG WOMEN IN JOS NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OFPLATEAU STATE
Inadequate capital has been a major challenge facing entrepreneurship development and its outcome in our society. This study therefore explores the impact of start-up capital on entrepreneurship outcomes among women in Jos North Local Government Area of Plateau State. It highlights the critical role of financial resources, specifically bank loans and personal savings, in fostering business success for women entrepreneurs. Utilizing a survey research design, data were collected from a sample of 422 women entrepreneurs, employing the Cochran sampling formula to ensure validity. A structured questionnaire gathered demographic information and assessed perceptions of start-up capital's influence on business performance using a five-point Likert scale. Data analysis was analyzed using Partial Least Square - Structural Equation Modelling (PLSSEM) to evaluate the complex relationships between start-up capital and entrepreneurial outcomes. The findings indicated strong positive effect between Personal savings, bank loans on entrepreneurship outcomes among women in Jos North Local Government Area of Plateau State, emphasizing the need for enhanced access to capital and support for women entrepreneurs. The study recommended that financial institutions should design tailored loan products specifically for women entrepreneurs, offering lower interest rates and flexible repayment terms to encourage more women to access start-up capital. Encourage a savings culture among women entrepreneurs through workshops and community initiatives.
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MODERATING EFFECT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL RESILIENCE ON THERELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ECONOMIC BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT AND MSMEsPERFORMANCE
Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) hold pivotal roles in global economies, driving economic growth by fostering efficiency, productivity, and competitiveness. Although the growing concerns about economic business factor and entrepreneurial resilience needs cannot be overemphasized. It is in this regards that this study was carried out to measure the role of entrepreneurial resilience on the relationship between economic business factor and the performance of MSMEs. To validate this model a cross-sectional research design, was adopted using a quantitative research method which implies one time gathering of information from study participants. This was accomplished by collecting data using a standardized questionnaire. 237 MSMEs were randomly selected in Kaduna State. The study used census method in selecting the population since the population is not large thus, using the entire population. SMARTPLS4 (SEM), a statistical analysis package, was used to analyze the study's data. Results show that economic business factor affects MSMEs performance positively while entrepreneurial resilience moderated economic business factor on MSMEs performance positively. This implication of this outcome is that governments, financial institutions and other stakeholders could look at the impact of entrepreneurial resilience could have on MSMEs performance. Also, the effect of economic business factor on MSMEs performance is significantly increased.
EFFECT OF OLD CARS IMPORTATION BUSINESSES (TOKUMBO CARS) ONENVIRONMENTAL COST AND SAFETY IN NIGERIA
During the period of economic depression in Nigeria, the purchasing power became low. Imported used vehicles became the norm because the costs of new ones were far above the income of most of the population. The paper examines environmental implication of the importation over a period of five years (2020-2024). Time series analysis was used to 10 determine the trend of pollution, forecast were also made for importation for 5 years. This paper also suggests a control mechanism. In order to address the severe lack of transportation facilities in most developing nations, most have turned to importing used cars, some of which are so dilapidated that they never serve any purpose before ending up in junkyards and refuse dumps. This paper aims to quantify the potential salvage value and cost of service materials from these imported used cars in Nigeria, where the majority of urban streets and construction sites are littered with junk cars that were abandoned by their owners. It is concluded that, such vehicle are harmful to environment and cost the country so much. It is also recommended that the used vehicles entering the country must pass an approved emission test to demonstrate that their emission control equipment is functioning as intended, Public and consumer awareness campaigns should be created on the havoc and financial implication of used vehicles on the environment.
EXPLORING THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES OF COOPERATIVE MOVEMENTSAND RURAL FINANCE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA: POLICY IMPERATIVES FORCREDIT GUARANTEE INTEGRATION AND CAPACITY BUILDING
This study explores the theoretical perspectives underpinning the role of cooperative movements in rural finance development in Nigeria. In rural communities with limited access to formal financial institutions, cooperative societies have emerged as viable alternatives for mobilizing local resources, enhancing financial inclusion, and promoting grassroots economic development. The study critically examines five key theoretical frameworks—Social Capital Theory, which highlights the role of trust and social networks in cooperative efficacy; Institutional Theory, which explains how regulatory and normative structures shape cooperative behaviour; Cooperative Development Theory, which focuses on the historical evolution and stages of cooperative growth; Financial Intermediation Theory, which underscores the role of cooperatives as financial intermediaries that mobilize savings and allocate credit; and Group Action Theory, which emphasizes the collective agency and solidarity required for successful cooperative outcomes. These frameworks collectively provide a robust conceptual lens for understanding how cooperatives function, create value, and contribute to rural finance. The study adopts a qualitative research methodology involving a systematic literature review and theoretical synthesis to analyze the interaction between cooperative principles and rural financial development. Data were drawn from academic journals, institutional reports, policy documents, and case studies relevant to the Nigerian context. The study concludes that cooperatives are essential instruments for rural financial empowerment, but their effectiveness depends on supportive institutional environments, robust member engagement, and targeted capacity development. Practical implications include the establishment of a national cooperative credit guarantee scheme, integration with formal financial systems, and the implementation of structured capacity-building programs to strengthen cooperative governance and sustainability in Nigeria.
KNOWLEDGE AND UTILIZATION OF MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMAMONG NON-ACADEMIC STAFF WITHIN THE UNIVERSITY SYSTEM IN OGUNSTATE, NIGERIA
This study investigated knowledge and utilization of management information system among nonacademic staff within the university system in Ogun State, Nigeria. Two research hypotheses were tested for this study. The survey research design type was adopted for the investigation. A stratified sampling strategy was employed to choose a sample size of 360 non-teaching staff members from Tai Solarin University of Education and Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye for this research. A self-structured research tool called the "Knowledge of Management Information System Questionnaire (KMISQ)" was utilized in the study. Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient (r) and t-test statistical tool were used to test hypotheses 1 and 2 respectively. Findings revealed a significant positive relationship between knowledge and utilization of MIS and the performance of male and female non-teaching staff (r = 0.565, p < 0.05), indicating that enhanced MIS competence contributes to better job performance. Additionally, a significant difference was found in MIS knowledge between senior and junior staff (t = 2.690, p = 0.007), with senior staff demonstrating higher levels of MIS knowledge. The study concludes that knowledge and effective utilization of Management Information Systems (MIS) play a crucial role in enhancing the performance of non-teaching staff in educational institutions. Based on these findings, the study recommends regular MIS training for all staff and targeted capacity-building programs for junior staff to bridge the digital knowledge gap.
ENHANCING CUSTOMER LOYALTY THROUGH SERVICE QUALITY IN DEPOSITMONEY BANKS IN ILORIN, KWARA STATE
Banks in Nigeria often face challenges in maintaining consistent service quality. Instances of delayed transactions processing, unresolved customer complaints, and inadequate communication during service interruptions undermine customers' trust and satisfaction. The objective of the study is to determine the relationship between service quality and customer loyalty in deposit money banks in Ilorin, Kwara state. The study adopts a descriptive survey research design. The target population of the study comprises of customers of deposit money banks in Ilorin, Kwara state. The study adopts a combination of stratified and convenience sampling techniques to ensure a representative and practical sample from deposit money banks in Ilorin, Kwara State. Data was collected from the primary source using a structured questionnaire as instrument. The questionnaire was subjected to a pilot test to ensure reliability and validity. 150 copies of the questionnaire were distributed across deposit money banks within Ilorin metropolis but only 119 well-completed copies of questionnaire were used for the study. The data collected was analysed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression analysis. The findings revealed that reliability, responsiveness, and empathy significantly enhance customer loyalty in deposit money banks in Ilorin, Kwara state. The study revealed that empathy was the strongest predictor, explaining 68.2% of the variation in customer loyalty (R² = 0.682, β = 1.127, p = 0.006). Reliability followed, accounting for 54.4% of the variance (R² = 0.544, β = 0.789, p = 0.005) while responsiveness contributed 40.3% to the variation (R² = 0.403, β = 2.261, p < 0.001). The study concluded that service quality is a vital catalyst for sustaining customer loyalty in deposit money banks. Therefore, by prioritising the service quality dimensions, banks can build long-lasting relationships with their customers, improving retention and advocacy
FINANCIAL LITERACY AND FINANCIAL INCLUSION FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIPSUCCESS IN NIGERIA
The primary issue addressed in this study is the vital connection between financial literacy, financial inclusion, and entrepreneurial success in Nigeria. This research underscores the importance of financial knowledge in the effective management and growth of small businesses. Primary data was collected through a readily administered questionnaire, surveying a diverse sample of 385 entrepreneurs to assess their financial literacy levels and corresponding business performance metrics, including profitability, revenue growth, and sustainability. Data analysis was performed using STATA 14, facilitating a thorough statistical evaluation of the relationships between variables. The findings reveal a significant positive correlation between financial literacy and entrepreneurial success, with a Prob > chi2 value of 0.0000, indicating that both financial literacy and financial inclusion have a substantial impact on the growth and development of entrepreneurship in Nigeria. Key issues identified include the widespread lack of financial education, limited access to financial services, and socio-economic barriers that disproportionately affect entrepreneurs, particularly women and marginalized groups. Qualitative interviews further highlight the challenges faced by individuals with low financial literacy, emphasizing the urgent need for targeted educational programs. This research contributes to the understanding of how enhancing financial literacy can promote entrepreneurial success and advocates for comprehensive financial education initiatives to support emerging entrepreneurs in Nigeria.
THE INFLUENCE OF ENTREPRENEURIAL KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE TOWARDSENTREPRENEURSHIP AND ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENTION ON THEMODERATING ROLE OF PERCEIVED CAPACITY
This study explored how entrepreneurial knowledge and attitudes toward entrepreneurship influence students’ intentions to become entrepreneurs, with a special focus on the role of perceived capacity as a moderating factor. Using a survey research approach, data was gathered through self-administered questionnaires, which were randomly distributed among 398 final-year students from the Faculty of Management Sciences at Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. The analysis was carried out using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) version 3. Findings revealed that entrepreneurial knowledge has a strong and positive impact on students’ entrepreneurial intentions. However, attitudes toward entrepreneurship did not show a significant effect. Interestingly, perceived capacity played a key role in shaping how both knowledge and attitudes influence entrepreneurial intentions. The study adds to existing theory by reinforcing the relevance of the Theory of Planned Behavior in explaining the factors that drive entrepreneurial intentions.
EFFECT OF PHISHING ON ELECTRONIC BANKING ADOPTION AMONGACADEMIC STAFF: ROLE OF CYBER SECURITY
The electronic banking system is rapidly evolving in both developed and developing countries. However, its adoption has become increasingly vulnerable to sophisticated cyber threats, particularly phishing. This study examines the moderating role of cyber security in the relationship between phishing and electronic banking adoption among academic staff in the Faculty of Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. A survey research design was employed to collect data from 165 respondents, and the analysis was conducted using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS Version 4. The results indicate that phishing has a significant negative effect on electronic banking adoption (β = -0.652, p < 0.001), confirming that phishing undermines users' confidence in adopting electronic banking systems. Furthermore, cyber security significantly moderates this relationship (interaction β = 0.204, p < 0.001), suggesting that enhanced cyber security measures can mitigate the adverse effects of phishing and promote greater adoption of electronic banking. Based on these findings, the study recommends that financial institutions should implement regular awareness campaigns targeted at academic staff to improve their alertness to phishing techniques and to continuously educate them on secure online banking practices.
HOUSING AFFORDABILITY AND POVERTY REDUCTION AMONG THEBENEFICIAIRIES OF SKILLS ACQUISITION TRAINING PROGRAMMES IN NIGERIA
The twin challenges of poverty and homelessness is a wicked problem in Nigeria. Thus, some government programmes target solving the two via a single intervention. Borno State Government has implemented a programme of capacity building with sub-goal of housing improvement. This study examined Borno State’s Skills Acquisition Programme and its impact on the housing affordability of the beneficiaries in Nigeria. A mixed approach was utilised to collect data from the beneficiaries of the programme. Panel data and Key Informant Interviews (KIIs) with 8 participants formed the data which was analysed using narrative technique –for the qualitative data, and regression analysis –for the quantitative data. The result indicates that skills acquired had impacted on the incomes of the beneficiaries. The result further revealed that skills acquisition had positively impacted on the beneficiaries housing affordability. While, welding is shown to be the skill that recorded the most positive statistical result on housing acquisition by the beneficiaries. From the results found, the study concludes that Borno State’s Skills Acquisition Programme has enabled its beneficiaries to earn income, ameliorate poverty and acquire housing. This study recommends sustaining the programme and expanding it to target broader beneficiaries.
EFFECTS OF RENEWABLE ENERGY TRANSITION ON ENERGY SAVINGS BYCOMMERCIAL BUSINESSES IN KADUNA STATE
It is becoming increasingly evident that energy transition towards the increased use of renewable energy is becoming a stronghold in many households and commercial businesses in Kaduna state and Nigeria in general. The study relates to the high initial cost of solar installation compared to savings on energy costs given the current economic realities with the aim of understanding if solar installation really results in savings from transition. A total of three (3) commercial businesses with a total of thirty (30) occupants were studied, selected by random sampling. Qualitative method and case study approach was used to focus on understanding the economic context using the implementation stage of innovation theory. Thematic analysis was used to identify key themes and patterns. The data collected revealed the drivers and barriers to energy transition by commercial businesses. This study was in line with Alagoz (2023) who studied The Energy Transition towards Renewables in the Oil & Gas Industry and Odilova (2023) who studied the positive impact of renewable energy on financial returns while aligning with growth and sustainability. Purposive sampling method was used to select the commercial businesses and random sampling method was applied in the study area. Analyses carried out reveal that an average 80% of the commercial businesses prefer to completely transition to or combine solar as a renewable source as an alternative to public electricity and other sources like generators which are mostly used for high energy equipment like air conditioners. Findings reveal that economic survival and well-being of these commercial businesses increases with reduction of expenses on energy through deployment of sustainable renewable energy particularly the use of solar due to abundant sunlight in Kaduna. The use of solar reduces costs incurred on energy and results in energy savings when using smaller equipment, thus resulting in savings from energy transition. It is recommended that scientific analyses be carried out that will enable quantitative research on energy savings from transition and will unveil investment opportunities.
EFFECT OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE OFENTREPRENEURIAL FIRMS IN DELTA STATE, NIGERIA
This study investigated some selected entrepreneurial organizations in Asaba, Delta state with a view to ascertaining the exact effect of Organizational Structure on Employee Performance. An employee-centric organizational structure is the bedrock for employee productivity and organizational growth. This study employed a systematic review of over 80 research articles from several international and reputable journals of related topics in order to determine the nature of connections and comprehend the motivations, viewpoints, theories, empiricism, and opinions of scholars and their findings. This study discovered that Decentralization of control has a direct and positive connection with employee performance and organizational growth and is also essential for employee productivity and organizational performance. It also speeds up the delivery of employee services to clients and the company. It engenders self-motivation and innovation and creativity. The study found that decentralization has a beneficial impact on psychological empowerment whereas centralization has a negative one. This indicates that employee empowerment and the decentralization aspect of organizational structure are significantly correlated. This study concludes that performance of the employee and the general performance of the organization strongly depend on the nature of the organizational structure adopted and that there are a number of organizational structure components that can improve or reduce worker performance. This study also concluded by indicating that companies who do not have a structure that is suitable for their staff will undoubtedly experience issues with employee performance. This study therefore recommends an employee-centric organizational structure for improved employee and organizational performances. Every firm looking to improve employee performance is advised to take structural dimensions of the organization into cognizance.
LEASING, FINANCIAL LITERACY AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF SMALLAND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES IN KADUNA STATE
Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) play a vital role in driving economic development globally and within Nigeria. Despite this, a significant number of formal SMEs face substantial challenges in accessing formal sources of capital, which hinders their growth and operational performance. This research explores the moderating role of financial literacy in the relationship between leasing and the performance of SMEs. The study analysed data collected from 214 SMEs in Kaduna State using the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) technique to test the proposed framework. The results indicate that leasing exerts a positive influence on the performance of SMEs, and that financial literacy significantly moderates this relationship, particularly with regard to financial performance. Theoretically, the study enhances the application of the Resource-Based View (RBV) by deepening the understanding of how leasing and financial literacy interact to influence SME performance. From a practical standpoint, the findings offer valuable insights to policymakers, SME owners and managers, and development stakeholders on the importance of promoting financial literacy to maximize the benefits of leasing. The study recommends that the government and relevant agencies should invest in expanding leasing opportunities and prioritize financial literacy training to support SME development.
SERVICE CONVENIENCE AND CUSTOMER SATISFACTION ENHANCEMENT: ANANALYSIS OF IN-STORE RETAIL OPERATIONS IN ILORIN, KWARA STATE
Customer satisfaction is crucial for retail business success, influencing customer loyalty, repeat purchases, and brand perception. While service convenience is widely recognized as a key driver of satisfaction in e-commerce and self-service industries, its impact in traditional Nigerian retail settings remains uncertain as most of the traditional retailers has not really explore the opportunity of service convenience in attracting customers. This study investigates the effect of service convenience on customer satisfaction in Nigeria retail businesses with three retail stores been selected in Ilorin Kwara State. A quantitative research design was employed, with data collected from 240 respondents using structured questionnaire. Regression analysis revealed that service convenience does not have a statistically significant impact on customer satisfaction (B = 0.052, p = 0.538), with weak correlation and low explanatory power (R² = 0.008). The ANOVA results further confirmed this insignificance (F = 0.463, p = 0.763), indicating that other factors such as product quality, pricing, and customer service interactions play a more dominant role. The study concludes that while service convenience will certainly enhance the overall customer experience, it is not a primary determinant of satisfaction in traditional retail settings. Businesses are encouraged to focus on improving product quality, enhancing service responsiveness, and strengthening customer engagement strategies to foster customer trust and retention
INFLUENCE OF INTEGRATED LIBRARY MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (ILMS)UTILIZATION ON SERVICE DELIVERY IN PUBLIC UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES INKADUNA STATE, NIGERIA
This study examined the influence of integrated library management software utilization for service delivery by public university libraries in Kaduna state, Nigeria. Research questions were raised to achieve the objectives of the study which was to discover the types and influence of Integrated Library Management Software (ILMS) utilization for Service Delivery in University Libraries in Kaduna State, Nigeria. The study was guided by three research questions and objectives. Quantitative research methodology was adopted for this study using a cross-sectional survey design. A total of one hundred and sixty-five (165) copies of questionnaire were administered to the respondents, out of which one hundred and thirty-three (133) representing 81% were duly completed, returned and used for this study. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistic. The study found out that KOHA is the dominant library management software in use and that the influence of Integrated Library Management Software utilization on service delivery was low. The study concludes that the adoption and full utilization of all the modules of ILMS is mandatory for university libraries if enhanced service delivery would be achieved. The study therefore recommends that Managers and decision-makers of university libraries in Kaduna State should prioritize the use of both open source and proprietary Integrated Library Management Software for service delivery in all sections/units of their libraries by making a policy decision in favour of it. Also, Software vendors should be committed to give technical support after the installation of the software. This will ensure the continuity of the project. In addition to the above, public university libraries in Kaduna State should engage the services of Information Technology (IT) experts who will maintain and ensure the sustainability of the system for greater influence/impact on library services.
EFFECT OF ECOSYSTEMS ON ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT AMONGYOUNG GRADUATES IN NASARAWA STATE UNIVERSITY, KEFFI
This study investigates the effect of entrepreneurial ecosystems on the development of young graduates' entrepreneurial skills at Nasarawa State University, Keffi (NSUK). The study’s population include student and staff of Nasarawa state university, Keffi and a sample of 400 participants was utilized to gather data from the study respondent. Using a structured five-point Likert-scale questionnaire distributed to 400 graduates, the study explores the effects of key ecosystem components, including funding, mentorship, infrastructure, and policy frameworks. Descriptive statistics, cross-tabulations, and Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression were employed for analysis. Findings reveal mentorship and infrastructure as the most significant predictors of entrepreneurial development, while funding have a moderate effect. Recommendations emphasize expanding mentorship programs, improving infrastructure, and creating innovative funding mechanisms.
A SCOPING REVIEW OF EMPLOYEE LEAVE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS:TRENDS, TECHNOLOGIES, AND ORGANIZATIONAL IMPLICATIONS
Employee Leave Management Systems (ELMS) have become essential tools in modern organizations, enabling efficient monitoring, approval, and analysis of employee absences. This scoping review synthesizes recent evidence on the design, technologies, and organizational implications of ELMS between 2018 and 2025. Guided by the Arksey and O’Malley (2005) and Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) frameworks, a systematic search was conducted across major databases including Scopus, IEEE Xplore, Science Direct, Emerald Insight, and Google Scholar. A total of 48 studies met the inclusion criteria. The review identified five major thematic areas: automation and digitalization in leave management, integration with Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) and payroll platforms, cloudbased and mobile-enabled ELMS, data security and compliance concerns, and artificial intelligence (AI) and predictive analytics for workforce planning. Findings show that ELMS adoption enhances organizational efficiency, transparency, and employee engagement, while reducing administrative costs and human error. However, implementation challenges persist, particularly in developing economies, due to infrastructural, interoperability, and digital literacy constraints. The study concludes that ELMS represents a strategic enabler of digital HR transformation, yet its success depends on strong leadership support, user readiness, and robust data governance. Future research should focus on comparative evaluations, usercentric design, and the ethical dimensions of automation in human resource management.
OUTREACH AND PERFORMANCE OF INTERNATIONAL FUND FORAGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT ON THE LIVELIHOOD IMPROVEMENT OFFAMILY ENTREPRISE PROJECT IN THE NIGER DELTA REGION
The study assessed the outreach and performance of IFAD on the Livelihood Improvement of Family Enterprises Project in the Niger Delta (LIFE ND) Region of Nigeria. This study used secondary data sourced from the IFAD Supervision Report, 2024. Data were analysed using percentages and Enterprise Percentage Increase (EPI). The result showed that IFAD LIFEND reached more female (69%) than the male (53%) gender, indicating a deliberate efforts to empower and increase their participation in economic activities. Moreso, 87% of the beneficiaries/households were reached with one service or the other at the same time showing the effort of IFAD LIFE-ND at achieving their goals of enhancing the welfare of persons and enterprises in the region. Also, there was a moderate (60%) level of performance on the realization of physical project goals, which can influence the economies of communities. Moreso, 62% of IFAD LIFE-ND project focused on priority activities that enhances access to financial services for beneficiaries and their organizations. Furthermore, the result showed that IFAD had the largest allocation, primarily funding core enterprise development and project management components. The study therefore recommended that IFAD LIFE-ND should be focused on the goals of transforming rural enterprises and improving the socioeconomic wellbeing of people in the region. More so, IFAD LIFE-ND should make more efforts at reaching more beneficiaries by seeking for improved funding from funding partners. For a more sustainable and functional infrastructure IFAD LIFE-ND beneficiaries and host communities should be incorporated in project management and implementation process.
EFFECT OF ASSET INVESTMENT ON FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OFINSURANCE COMPANIES IN BAYELSA STATE, NIGERIA
Effective asset investment is essential for enhancing the financial performance of insurance companies, thereby enabling the industry to play a substantial role in Nigeria's economic development. This study investigated the effect of asset investment on the financial performance of selected publicly listed insurance companies in Bayelsa State, Nigeria. The research employed an ex post facto design. The study's population comprised fifteen (15) listed insurance companies in the Nigerian Exchange Group, sampled five (5) times by purposive selection. The data utilized in this study was obtained from the annual reports and financial statements of the selected organizations from 2014 to 2023. The data analysis technique employs descriptive statistics and multiple regression using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) utilizing SPSS. The study's findings indicate that investment in non-current assets significantly affects net profit margin, whereas investment in current assets has a negligible effect. The study indicates that investing in non-current assets positively and significantly affects the financial performance of publicly listed insurance companies. This study recommends that Nigerian insurance companies maintain their investment in noncurrent assets, as these assets significantly impact net profit margins.
MODERATING ROLE OF WORK ENGAGEMENT ON THE RELATIONSHIPBETWEEN TRANSFORMATIONAL LEADERSHIP STYLE AND EMPLOYEEPERFORMANCE IN BANKING SECTOR
This study investigates the impact of transformational leadership on employee performance and examines the moderating role of work engagement within Nigerian banks with international authorizations. Utilizing a census sampling technique, data were collected from 256 banking staff using a structured questionnaire, with analysis conducted via Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The findings reveal that transformational leadership style significantly enhances employee performance, and work engagement positively moderates this relationship. Specifically, the benefits of transformational leadership on performance are more pronounced when employees are highly engaged. These results emphasize the importance of adopting transformational leadership practices and fostering high levels of work engagement to optimize employee performance. The study recommends that organizations should invest in strategies to enhance work engagement, such as providing opportunities for professional development, recognizing and rewarding employee contributions, and fostering a supportive work culture. Also the study contributes both theoretically, by expanding understanding of leadership and engagement interactions, and practically, by providing actionable insights for enhancing leadership strategies and engagement initiatives in the banking sector. Further research is recommended to explore these dynamics across different sectors and contexts
EFFECT OF SELECTION PROCESS ON THE PERFORMANCE OFORGANIZATION IN NATIONAL BOARD FOR ARABIC AND ISLAMIC STUDIES(NBAIS) HEADQUARTERS, KADUNA
Selection process is fundamental to improving organizational performance by ensuring that qualified and competent employees are obtained. Despite this recognition, there is limited empirical evidence on how recruitment practices influence performance in public educational institutions, particularly those responsible for student examinations. This study examined the effect of recruitment on organizational performance at the National Board for Arabic and Islamic Studies (NBAIS) Headquarters, Kaduna. The study employed a mixed-method approach involving both quantitative and qualitative techniques. Out of a population of 787 staff, teachers, students, and proprietors, a sample size of 263 was determined using Slovin’s formula. Data were collected through questionnaires administered to 258 senior and junior staff selected via simple random sampling, and semi-structured interviews with management staff, students, teachers, and proprietors selected purposively. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. The findings revealed a positive relationship between recruitment practices and organizational performance; however, the recruitment process at NBAIS was found to be largely unfair and non-transparent. The study recommends adopting a fair, transparent, and merit-based recruitment system that prioritizes competence, experience, and qualifications to enhance organizational effectiveness.
ENHANCING BRAND REPUTATION AND CONSUMER PATRONAGE IN THEFAST MOVING CONSUMER GOODS INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA
Emerging markets have been known to be plagued with issues of adulterated, fake and corrupted goods and services, causing negative impact on consumer trust in patronage decisions. This study investigated strategies for enhancing brand reputation and consumer trust in uncertain economic conditions. The study focused on the relationships between branding strategies and customer patronage based on a study of customers in the fast-moving consumers goods (FMCG) in selected areas in Lagos state. This study adopted a quantitative research approach through survey method with a sample of 400 respondents selected using purposive and convenience sampling techniques. The primary data was collected through survey instrument and analysis was done through statistical tools such as frequency counts, simple percentages, mean, standard deviation and Pearson correlation for testing the hypotheses. The results revealed that brand reputation is based on corporate and product branding strategies which influence customer patronage based on increased consumer trust. It was indicated that corporate branding strategy has significant influence of 80.7% on customer patronage. Also, product branding strategy was found to have the most significant influence of 82.3% on customer patronage. Finally, there is a significant relationship between corporate branding and product branding in driving customer patronage by 79.0%. This study recommended that business leaders, executives and management in FMCG markets in Nigeria should consistently enhance and develop their branding strategies such as quality seal, strong trademarks and customer-centric communications in a way that can be easily recognized in the market.
ADOPTION OF COST-EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF POWERSUPPLY FOR EFFICIENT LIBRARY SERVICES IN SELECTED NIGERIANUNIVERSITIES
The imperativeness of adopting cost-effective system of power supply for effective library services in Nigerian Universities is unequivocal, especially in this digital age. The purpose of this study is to explore the benefits of adoption, the challenges to the adoption and the practical steps for implementation in selected Universities in Nigeria. The population of the study is 165 respondents. This number consisted of the total population of the librarians in the selected Universities in Nigeria. Descriptive survey design is adopted for this study which is more convenient to evaluate the benefits of adoption and challenges to adoption. The finding revealed that the challenges are surmountable but the benefits which include cost savings, services reliability, user health and comfort cannot be overemphasized.
EFFECT OF PACKAGE AND CHANNEL DIFFERENTIATION ON MARKETPERFORMANCE OF SELECTED TABLE WATER FIRMS IN LAFIA
The study was concerned with measuring the effect of package and channel differentiation strategies on market performance among table water companies in Lafia metropolis. Quantitative methods were utilised in the study, based on an explanatory design and a reliance on survey data obtained from a cross-section of 179 respondents via an administered questionnaire. Path modelling, through the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) approach, was employed in analysing the collected data. Both product and channel differentiation were found to be positive and significant in determining market performance in the study area. Findings revealed an urgent need for strategic interventions including deepened investment in distinctive product features and variants that set their table water apart from competing brands. Furthermore, firms should prioritise expanding and diversifying their sales and distribution channels to ensure their products are readily accessible across various points of sale, including retail outlets, supermarkets, local vendors, and online platforms. Strategic partnerships with retailers and distributors should also be nurtured through relationship management initiatives to maximise product visibility.
STRATEGIC THINKING ON INNOVATION PERFORMANCE: ROLE OFTECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE
This study investigates the influence of strategic thinking on innovation performance of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria, with a focus on Sunseed Nigeria Limited in Zaria. It further explores the moderating role of technological change in this relationship. Innovation performance, a key driver of competitiveness, is hindered in many SMEs due to inadequate strategic orientation and limited technological adoption. The research employs a cross-sectional survey design, utilizing Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to analyze data from 278 respondents within Sunseed Nigeria. The results indicate that strategic thinking, particularly organizational awareness, significantly enhances innovation performance. Technological change, however, moderates this relationship negatively when its pace surpasses the firm's capacity to adapt strategically. This suggests that while technological advancements offer opportunities for innovation, they may overwhelm SMEs with limited resources and readiness. The study contributes to the understanding of how SMEs can balance strategically with technological adaptation to sustain long-term innovation. It also highlights the need for tailored technological readiness programs and strategic agility to better direct rapid changes in the business environment. Future research should explore other dimensions of strategic thinking and investigate the role of digital infrastructure in supporting innovation in dynamic sectors.
ENTREPRENEURIAL RESILIENCE IN THE FACE OF ECONOMIC CRUNCH:A FOCUS ON SOUTH- EAST NIGERIA
Entrepreneurial resilience has become a critical capability in volatile economies where systemic instability undermines enterprise sustainability. In Nigeria, micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) represent over 96% of businesses, yet face persistent challenges including inflation, currency devaluation, infrastructural deficits, and policy inconsistency. This study examined resilience as a multidimensional construct which encapsulate survival, adaptability, innovation, and risk-taking with specific focus on entrepreneurs in South-East Nigeria. A descriptive survey design was employed, and data were collected from 132 entrepreneurs using a modified Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. The responses were analyzed with descriptive statistics, one-sample t-tests, and effect size estimation. Findings revealed that risk-taking propensity was the most dominant resilience dimension (M = 3.90), demonstrated through business pivots, mobile banking adoption, and collaborative partnerships. Survival (M = 3.34) and adaptability (M = 3.24) were also significant, reflecting pragmatic borrowing, focus on goals, pricing strategies, and customer management. Innovation (M = 3.16) was the weakest, largely restricted to online selling and rapid idea execution rather than resource-intensive product development. The study concludes that entrepreneurial resilience in resource-constrained environments is anchored more in pragmatic behaviors and strategic agility than in product innovation. It contributes to resilience theory by emphasizing behavioral specificity, innovation asymmetry, and the centrality of risk-taking under economic adversity. Policy implications highlight the expansion of digital infrastructure, financial inclusion, and innovation support systems as crucial levers for enhancing entrepreneurial sustainability.
DIGITAL FINANCE AS CATALYST FOR SUSTAINABLE INDIGENOUSENTREPRENEURSHIP: EVIDENCE FROM IMO STATE ONE KINDRED ONEBUSINESS INITIATIVE (OKOBI)
This study examined the role of digital finance in bridging the financing gap faced by indigenous entrepreneurship models in the Global South, with specific reference to the One Kindred One Business Initiative (OKOBI) of Imo State, Nigeria. It examined how digital finance facilitates access to finance, financial inclusion, promotes business sustainability, and innovation within indigenous group-owned entrepreneurship models. A descriptive survey research design was employed, targeting a sample of 112 officially registered OKOBI enterprises selected from a population of 250 businesses across Imo State. Data were collected using a structured and validated questionnaire, and analysed through descriptive statistics including means, standard deviations, and percentages using SPSS version 25. The results revealed that digital finance significantly improved access to credit, enhanced financial inclusion, and fostered business innovation and sustainability among OKOBI enterprises. However, infrastructural challenges, digital illiteracy, cybersecurity concerns, and regulatory bottlenecks were identified as major obstacles to optimal digital finance adoption. The study recommends tailored fintech innovations, literacy and capacity-building initiatives, and enabling policy frameworks to strengthen digital finance integration in indigenous entrepreneurship models. Limitations include the study’s focus on a single statelevel initiative, reliance on self-reported data, and the use of descriptive rather than inferential statistical analysis, which restricts generalizability. Future studies should incorporate cross-regional comparative analyses and econometric modelling to enhance external validity.
PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL SYSTEMS AND EMPLOYEE JOB SATISFACTIONIN PLATEAU STATE, NIGERIA HEALTHCARE
The problem of declining job satisfaction among healthcare workers in Nigeria, particularly within the public sector, continues to pose a major threat to healthcare delivery outcomes. Inconsistent and inadequate performance appraisal systems—characterized by lack of transparency, infrequent feedback, and limited employee participation—have been identified as contributing factors to low morale, high turnover, and reduced productivity in healthcare organizations. In Plateau State, these challenges are particularly pronounced among primary healthcare nurses who often work under resource constraints and without adequate recognition or developmental feedback. This study explored the impact of performance appraisal systems on job satisfaction among primary healthcare nurses in Plateau State, Nigeria. Specifically, it examined four appraisal methods: self-assessment, manager assessment, annual appraisals, and continuous feedback. Using a survey design, data were collected from 200 primary healthcare nurses, with a focus on how these appraisal methods influence job satisfaction in the context of Nigerian healthcare settings. The results revealed that all four appraisal methods positively affected job satisfaction, with continuous feedback having the most significant impact, followed by annual appraisals. Self-assessment and manager assessments also contributed to job satisfaction but to a lesser extent. The findings suggest that integrating continuous feedback into performance appraisals, alongside other appraisal methods, can enhance job satisfaction, reduce turnover, and improve the overall quality of healthcare services. Limitation of the study is the cross-sectional design, which captures data at a single point in time. Additionally, the study's focus on a specific region of Nigeria may limit the generalizability of the findings to other parts of the country, This study recommends the adoption of a holistic performance appraisal system that combines continuous feedback, annual appraisals, and self-assessment to foster a supportive work environment, improve employee morale, and promote retention among healthcare workers in Nigeria.
INTEGRATING GREEN ENTREPRENEURIAL ORIENTATION ANDOPPORTUNITY RECOGNITION FOR SUSTAINABLE COMPETITIVEADVANTAGE: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FROM NIGERIA’S COCOASMES
In this theoretical paper, the creation and maintenance of competitive advantage by means of Green Entrepreneurial Orientation (GEO) through Opportunity Recognition (OR) in the cocoa value chain of the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria are developed in a process-based explanation. Based on the recent studies of strategy and entrepreneurship, GEO is viewed as a company level strategic stance, which incorporates the environmental commitment in the process of scanning, experimentation, and resource allocation. GEO, on its part, is not necessarily performance-enhancing; instead, its value is generated as the managers formally identify, evaluate, and introduce opportunities that promote sustainability like eco-innovations in processing, waste valorization, digital traceability, compliance capabilities, and repositioning of products to the green market. The paper therefore provides a mediator-only model where OR will be the intermediate between GEO and Sustainable Competitive Advantage (SCA). Four propositions are stated:(P1) GEO has a positive effect on opportunity recognition in the cocoa value chain; (P2) opportunity recognition has a positive effect on SCA; (P3) a confounding direct GEO-SCA relationship might exist when internal green routines are generating cost/reputation benefits of their own; and (P4) OR mediates the GEO-SCA association. The paper clarifies the construct boundaries, provides guidance regarding operationalizing GEO, OR, and SCA in future empirical research and identifies contextual aspects that characterize Southwest Nigeria, such as changing norms of sustainability compliance, increasing traceability requirements, and pressure to increase efficiency, which render the mechanism theoretically salient. Theoretically, the paper also reexamines GEO as a strategic direction informed by practice as opposed to a trait, and positions OR as a central mediator of processes as opposed to a marginal enabling factor, and suggests a contingent agenda on empirical validation in the context of agri-SMEs in the developing world. On the managerial front, the framework guides the owner-managers and support agencies to increase the intensity of low-cost scanning routines, high speed validation of green ideas and codified compliance and traceability practices as sources of defensible advantage. This is just a conceptual study using previous literature and situational understanding in establishing propositions that are meant to guide subsequent research studies.
BRIDGING THE GAP BETWEEN CURRICULUM DESIGN AND CLASSROOMPRACTICE IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP EDUCATION FOR EFFECTIVE SKILLSACQUISITION IN THE DIGITAL TVET ERA
This study examined the alignment between curriculum design and classroom practice in entrepreneurship education for effective skills acquisition in the digital Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) era. Guided by three specific purposes and research questions, the study investigated the level of alignment between entrepreneurship education curricula and classroom practice, identified factors responsible for existing gaps, and proposed strategies for improving implementation to enhance student outcomes. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population comprised 110 lecturers (47 males and 63 females) from the Faculty of Vocational and Technical Education, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, all of whom were studied. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire validated by experts and tested for reliability using the Cronbach Alpha method, which yielded a coefficient of 0.83. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions, while t-test was employed to test the null hypotheses at the 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that classroom practice reflects entrepreneurship curriculum objectives to a moderate extent, with strengths in content coverage and use of practical examples, but weaknesses in deep experiential engagement and authentic assessment. The gap between curriculum design and classroom practice was attributed to inadequate resources, insufficient funding, limited lecturer preparedness, weak industry collaboration, and structural constraints. The study further identified increased funding, lecturer capacity building, industry partnerships, experiential learning, mentorship, and digital integration as key strategies for improvement. The study recommended the need for improved curriculum–practice alignment through increased funding for practical entrepreneurship facilities, continuous lecturer professional development, strengthened industry and community partnerships, adoption of experiential and competency-based assessment approaches, and strategic integration of digital tools