GLOBAL JOURNAL OF HEALTH RELATED RESEARCHES
Welcome to the Global Journal of Health Related Researches. The Global Journal of Health Related Researches (GJHRR) is a broad based scholarly, referred, a yearly journal published by the Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, Faculty of Education, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. The scope of the journal includes the research development, and practice in all areas of health, environment and education (human development, school, training, formal, informal, tertiary, vocational education, industry training, and lifelong learning). Hard Copy and Online: Hard copies of the journal are available at a price fixed by the publisher. The online version can be accessed in all instances through the internet, free of charge. Editorial board will first subject articles received for publication to a plagiarism test, only articles with 70% and above originality shall be processed for peer review exercise. Peer Review: Articles published in the journal had been subjected to blind peer-review by at least two experts in the field. Copyright: The copyright of the materials in this journal rests with the publisher, Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, Faculty of Education, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria. Apart from fair use such as a brief quotation for scholarly purposes, no article in this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means without t permission of the publisher. Disclaimer: The views and styles expressed in the articles in this publication are those of the individual authors and are not necessarily shared by the reviewers, the editors, the editorial consulting board, the Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, Faculty of Education, or the University
GENDER IDENTIFICATION AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION ONEMOTIONAL WELLBEING AMONG YOUNG ADULTS IN LAGOSMETROPOLIS
Homosexuality is a recognized risk factor for some emotional illness in high income countries; however, there is little research investigating the relationship between emotional wellbeing and sexual orientation in developing countries, especially in Nigeria. The study aims to examine the impact of gender identification and sexual orientation on emotional well being of young adults in Lagos Metropolitan city. This study employs a descriptive survey research design that examined the attitudes of University of Lagos students towards sexual minorities. The target population consisted of young adults in educational institutions, motor parks, churches, mosques, and resort centres in Lagos metropolis. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 300 participants: 100 from educational institutions, 50 at the motor parks, 50 at the resort centres, 50 at the churches, and 50 at the mosques. Data were collected using self-developed, validated questionnaire divided into demographic profiling and the variables under study. Validation was performed by Health Education experts and a pilot study was conducted with 25 Undergraduates at the Lagos State University which ensured reliability of Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 5.0. Descriptive statistics of frequency counts were used for demographic data, while inferential statistics of Chi-square examined the hypotheses at 0.05 significant level. The findings reveal with conclusion that, the complexities of societal attitudes towards sexual minorities and emphasize the importance of fostering inclusive environments that respect and celebrate diversity.
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ASSESSMENT OF THE PLIGHT OF NATIONAL HEALTHINSURANCE SCHEME AMONG FEDERAL CIVIL SERVANTENROLLEES IN KEBBI STATE NIGERIA
The study assessed the plight of NHIS among Federal civil servant enrollees in Kebbi State, Nigeria. To achieve this purpose, ex-post facto research design was used. The population for this study was eight thousand, one hundred (8, 100) federal civil servants in Kebbi State. The sample size of 380 was selected using Yamane's equation. The instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire developed by the researcher and it was validated by five (5) experts in the Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, and Nursing Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University Zaria. The Descriptive statistics of frequency and simple percentages were used to analyze the demographic characteristics of the respondents. Inferential statistics of onesampled t-test and ANOVA were used to test the stated hypotheses at a 0.05 level of significance. The result revealed that there is a significant plight of NHIS services by NHIS (t = 53.82, p = 0.000); and there is a significant difference in the plight of NHIS services among different institutions (f = 42.029, p = 0.000). Based on the results, the study concluded that NHIS services face numerous plight among federal civil servant enrollees in Kebbi State; and the plight of NHIS services differ among various institutions in Kebbi State. Based on the conclusion, the study recommends improvements in addressing the NHIS-related plight of federal civil servants in Kebbi State, and more improvements and motivation for NHIS facilities and equipment to sustain the scheme and encourage positive attitudes towards its services.
ASSESSMENT OF ACCESSIBILITY AS A FACTOR INFLUENCINGTHE UTILIZATION OF PRIMARY HEALTH CARE FACILITIESAMONG PREGNANT WOMEN IN BIRNIN KEBBI LOCALGOVERNMENT AREA, KEBBI STATE
This study assesses the accessibility as a factor influencing the utilization of primary health care facilities among pregnant women in Birnin Kebbi Local Government Area, Kebbi State. one objectives and one research questions were development and answered. descriptive research design of survey type was employed in this study. The population of the study comprised of 21,450 pregnant women in Birnin Kebbi. The sample size for this study is 200 pregnant women in Birnin Kebbi Local Government Area of Kebbi State selected using multi-stage sampling procedure. Self-developed questionnaire was used as instrument for data collection. Descriptive statistics was used to answered the research questions of the study. The findings of the study revealed that accessibility is a factor influencing the utilization of primary health care facilities among pregnant women in Birnin Kebbi Local Government Area of Kebbi State. Based on the findings of this study, it was concluded that the utilization of primary health care facilities among pregnant women in Birnin Kebbi Local Government Area of Kebbi State is influenced by the accessibility of these facilities. It is therefore, recommended that the government establish additional primary health care facilities in underserved areas to reduce travel distances for pregnant women. Enhancing public transportation systems and providing subsidized or free transport services specifically for pregnant women accessing health care facilities should be prioritized. Furthermore, implementing community outreach programs, such as mobile clinics, can help serve remote or hard-to-reach areas effectively.
MANAGEMENT VARIABLES AS DETERMINANTS OFRECREATIONAL FACILITIES DEVELOPMENT IN THEUNIVERSITY OF CALABAR, CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
This study assessed management variables as determinants of recreational facilities development in the University of Calabar. Three null hypotheses guided the study. Survey research design was adopted for the study. The study's population was drawn from the Faculty of Vocational and Science Education, which included one thousand five hundred and twenty (1,520) individuals. The stratified random sampling technique was used to select 244 respondents for the sample. The instrument used for data collection in the study was a structured questionnaire titled “Management Variables as Determinant of Recreational Facilities Development Questionnaire” (MVRFDQ) which was presented for face validation by experts in Test and Measurement and Tourism departments. Data were collected by physically administering copies of the instrument to the respondents. The data collected were statistically analyzed using one way analysis of variance and Pearson product moment correlation analysis at the .05 level of significance. The findings obtained from data analysis and hypothesis testing revealed that there was a significant influence of leadership style on recreational facilities development in the University of Calabar. Also, communication methods and policy implementation had a positive correlation with recreational facilities development. Based on the findings of the study, it is recommended among others that the management of the University of Calabar should be sensitized on the need to adopt more democratic approaches towards recreational facilities development within the campus.
EFFECT OF MENSTRUAL HYGIENE ON THE HEALTH STATUS OFFEMALE ADOLESCENTS IN SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS INZARIA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF KADUNA STATE
Poor menstrual hygiene caused by a lack of education on the issue, persisting taboos and stigma, limited access to hygienic menstrual products and poor sanitation infrastructure undermines the educational opportunities, health and overall social status of women and girls around the world. The research study examined the effect of Menstrual Hygiene on the Health Status of female adolescents in Senior Secondary Schools in the Zaria Local Government area of Kaduna State. A survey research design was used for the study. The target population comprised female adolescents in Senior Secondary. One Hundred (100 female) adolescents were drawn from public and private Senior Secondary Schools within the study area who volunteered to respond to the research tool. The instrument for data collection was the researchers’ developed questionnaire tagged Questionnaire on the Effect of Menstrual Hygiene on the Health Status of Female Adolescents. “EMHHSFA” which had a reliability of 0.74. Descriptive statistics of simple percentages, means and standard deviation were used. The null hypothesis was tested at 0.05 alpha level of significance in which Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used. The findings revealed that the majority of the respondents were taught about menstrual hygiene at home and then followed at school. It was also revealed that the majority of the respondents used sanitary pads as absorbent during menstruation. It was also revealed that a significant relationship exists between menstrual hygiene and health status in female adolescents. It was recommended among others that menstrual hygiene should be emphasized with regard to teaching Health Education at Senior Secondary Schools, specifically girls’ schools.
AWARENESS AND PRACTICE OF EXAMINATION OF HEALTHPRODUCT LABELS OF CONSUMERS AMONG SENIORSECONDARY SCHOOL STUDENTS OF SABON GARI LGA, KADUNASTATE NIGERIA
The study assessed the awareness and practice of examination of health product labels of consumers among Senior Secondary School Students of Sabon Gari Local Government Area, Kaduna State. 300 Senior Secondary School Students Volunteered to respond to the questionnaire across public and private Secondary Schools. The instrument for data collection was a selfdeveloped questionnaire which was validated and pilot-tested with a reliability index of 0.79 and tagged as a questionnaire on awareness of health product labels of consumers “QAHPLS”. The other segment with a reliability index of 0.77 for the practice of examination of health products labels, which was tagged as Practice of Examination of Health Products Labels of Consumers “OPEHPLS”. The research instrument was correctly filled and returned for coding and analysis with the use of Frequencies and Percentages, Infrential statistics statistics of independent sample t-test was used to test the Hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level. Based on the findings of the study, the findings revealed that a significant difference exists in awareness of the examination of health product labels of consumers among Senior Secondary School Students in Sabon Gari LGA (p=.003 < 0.05). Also, the study revealed that there was no significant difference in practices of examination of health product labels of consumers among Senior Secondary School Students in Sabon Gari. It was recommended among others that improvement is needed with regards to practices of examination of health product labels of Consumers among Senior Secondary School Students in Sabon Gari L.G.A.
FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH THE UTILIZATION OF YOUTHFRIENDLY SERVICES BY OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTHS IN IBADANMETROPOLIS, NIGERIA
The need to improve out-of-school youths' reproductive health challenges is being increasingly recognized throughout the world. Youths with reproductive health challenges do not seek appropriate services. Earlier studies in Oyo State focused on utilising youth-friendly clinics for secondary school students but not among out-of-school youths. This study was therefore designed to determine the factors associated with assessing Youth-Friendly Clinic (YFC) services utilisation by out-of-school youth in Ibadan Metropolis, Nigeria. The study was descriptive and cross-sectional in design. A four-stage random sampling technique was adapted to select LGAs, wards, communities and 521 consenting respondents. A semi-structured intervieweradministered questionnaire was used to elicit information on respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge of YFC and utilisation. Knowledge of YFC utilisation was measured on a 14-point scale; scores of 5, >5-10 and >10 were categorised as good and poor, respectively. A Focus Group Discussion guide was used for qualitative data collection. The quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics, Chi-square and linear logistic regression tests at p=0.05. Qualitative data were analysed thematically. Respondents’ mean age was 20.6±2.8 years; 52.6% were males, and 39.9% lived with their parents. Less than a quarter, 20.0% and 10.2%, were currently learning tailoring and patent medicine vendors training, respectively. The majority (88.0%) of the respondents heard about YFC for the first time, 92.9% had poor knowledge of YFCs, only 91.9% had ever used or visited YFC, and 47.1% had ever used/visited YFCs more than one month before the study. Most (72.2%) respondents preferred having youths as service providers in YFC, and 54.5% pointed out that female service providers understand females better. A few of those who used YFC (19.5%), (14.4%), and (11.0%) suggested more efficient staff, that staff should be more patient-friendly, and that they should create awareness on media, respectively. Among respondents that never used YFC, the three major barriers reported were less awareness of the public about YFC (27.3%), lack of adequate drugs (19.2%) and distance (18.2%). About one-fifth (20.4%) expected YFC to provide free medicines and (19.8%) free treatment. Respondents’ age ≥20 was significantly associated with knowledge of YFC. Living with their parents’ father, mother and peers was significantly associated with utilising YFC. Respondents who heard about YFC were more likely to utilise YFC than those with low awareness and poor knowledge (OR:0.024;95%CI=0.006-0.0014). The FGD discussants felt YFC is important in addressing the health problems of apprentices and unanimously agreed that lack of awareness and poor knowledge were the major barriers to utilisation. Knowledge of out-of-school youths in the Ibadan metropolis on utilising YFC was poor. Awareness creation through Information Education and Communications materials would help increase knowledge and patronage of YFC.
KNOWLEDGE AND PERCEPTION OF PERSONAL HYGIENEAMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF FEDERALUNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION, ZARIA, KADUNA STATE.
Poor personal hygiene and health-related problems, particularly waterborne diseases, remain major public health concerns on many university campuses, especially in Nigerian universities where inadequate infrastructure, poor hygiene education, and limited access to sanitation facilities and potable water supply persist. This research study examined the knowledge and perception of personal hygiene among students of the Federal University of Education, Zaria, Kaduna State. A descriptive survey research design was employed in the study. The study population comprised all students of the Federal University of Education, Zaria, Kaduna State. A multi-stage sampling procedure, incorporating stratified, simple random, and systematic random sampling techniques, was used to select 200 consenting respondents for the study. A semi-structured, intervieweradministered questionnaire was used for data collection. The instrument included sections on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, and perception of personal hygiene among students. The questionnaire was validated and pilottested, yielding a reliability index of 0.80, confirming its internal consistency. A total of 200 questionnaires were administered, completed, and successfully retrieved for analysis. A 30-point knowledge scale was used to assess awareness of the risks associated with poor personal hygiene. Knowledge scores were categorized as follows:≤10: Poor knowledge; >10–20: Fair knowledge and >20: Good knowledge. The perception of personal hygiene was assessed using a 5-point scale, where scores ≤34 indicated a negative perception, and scores >34 indicated a positive perception of personal hygiene. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics and a one-sample t-test at a significance level of p = 0.05. The findings revealed a significant gender difference in knowledge of personal hygiene and variations in perception based on academic level among undergraduate students of the Federal University of Education, Zaria. Based on the findings, it was recommended that undergraduate students should be encouraged to sustain and improve their knowledge and perception of personal hygiene through increased awareness programs utilizing Information, Education, and Communication (IEC) strategies.
ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF SELECTED STRETCHINGEXERCISES ON MAGNITUDE OF DISABILITY AMONG YOUNGADULTS WITH LOW BACK PAIN IN SAMARU ZARIA, KADUNASTATE, NIGERIA.
Stretching is one of the exercise interventions widely used in low back pain management in developed nations. It encompasses a heterogeneous group of interventions ranging from general physical fitness or aerobic exercise to muscle strengthening and various types of flexibility. The study assessed the effect of selected exercises among young adults with low back pain in Samaru Zaria, Kaduna State. Twenty-five (25) young male adults met the inclusion criteria for the study. Only one group was used as an experimental and control group. Each participant participated in a structured training programme, 3 sessions a week for eight (8) weeks with each session lasting for a maximum of 60 minutes with rest intervals. Data was collected at baseline, at the 4th and 8th week into the training programme for all participants magnitude of disability was measured using the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) of the participants, Physical characteristics measurement of age, weight, height and body mass index were taken before administering exercise training using International Society for Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) protocol. Out of twenty-five (25) participants that started the training programme, only twenty-two (22) participants completed the training measuring and therefore, only their data was analyzed using repeated measure ANOVA. The results showed that the eight (8) weeks training programme had a significant effect on the magnitude of disability (F(2,42) = 42.412, P=0.000) of the participants. The study recommended that stretching exercise should be incorporated in the management of low back pain among Yung Adults with low back pain in Samaru Zaria, Kaduna state, Nigeria.
ASSESSMENT OF THE EFFECT OF COVID-19 ON ANTENATALCARE SERVICES UTILIZATION AND PROVISION IN CROSS RIVERSTATE, NIGERIA
The effect of the COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted health services worldwide, with associated maternal health care, which includes antenatal care (ANC) services in sub-Saharan Africa. In Nigeria, the maternal mortality ratio has been estimated at 512/100,000 in Nigerian. This study assesses the impact of COVID-19 on the utilization and provision of ANC service in Cross River State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional design was used to collect data from health facilities, pregnant women and healthcare providers via questionnaires, surveys and interviews from one Local Government Area in each Senatorial District in the state. The major areas of interest include service availability, public perception safety during the pandemic, accessibility to the health facilities, patient attendance and healthcare workers preparedness, as well as Traditional Birth Attendants (TBAs). The results obtained in 2019 show that the total number of ANC visits was 26733 as compared to what was obtained in the survey results of 4777 in 2020. This simply indicates a 7.4% reduction in antenatal care attendance. Also institutional birth delivery in 2019 (4679) and 2022 (6015) shows an increase in the number of institutional births of about 1344. This study revealed discrepancies in healthcare service delivery and utilization across the districts as the proportion of births at health facilities were 51.4%, 30.7% and 17.9% in the south, central and north respectively. Conclusively, there was an increasing trend in home deliveries and TBAs due to the negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on antenatal services and utilization of healthcare facilities.
EFFECTS OF HEALTH EDUCATION INTERVENTION PROGRAMMEON AWARENESS OF PREVENTIVE STRATEGIES AGAINST SEXUALVIOLENCE AMONG FEMALE ADOLESCENT STUDENTS INKADUNA STATE
This study examined the effects of health education intervention programmes on awareness of preventive strategies against sexual violence among female adolescent students in Kaduna State. The study employed a Quasi-experimental research design. The population of the study comprised adolescent female students in Sabon Gari local government in Kaduna State which are 19,369. A multi-stage sampling technique comprising stratified, purposive, simple random convenient and proportionate sampling techniques was used in selecting 200 female adolescent students in public secondary schools in Kaduna State, Nigeria. The instrument was validated by 5 experts. Pilot testing was carried out among 20 respondents and a reliability index of 0.655 was obtained. Two hundred (200) copies of the researcher-developed questionnaire were distributed using a convenient sampling technique, of which a 200 or 100% response rate was recorded and the data analysed. Data collected was analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) IBM version 26. Mean and standard deviations were used to answer the research questions. Inferential statistics of independent sample t-test and paired sample t-test were used to test the formulated hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level. The findings of the study revealed that there is no significant difference in awareness of preventive strategies against sexual violence among female adolescent students in public secondary schools in Control and experimental groups in Sabon Gari Kaduna State, Nigeria before intervention with health education programme (p = 0.315). Also, there is a significant difference in awareness of preventive strategies against sexual violence among female adolescent students in experimental public secondary schools in Sabon Gari Kaduna State, Nigeria after exposure to a health education intervention programme (p = 0.000). In conclusion, the study showed that female adolescent students in public secondary schools in Sabon Gari, Kaduna State, Nigeria, were not aware of preventive strategies against sexual violence before but became aware after exposure to health education intervention. It was therefore recommended that health educators in collaboration with the Ministry of Education should carry out an awareness campaign on the prevention of sexual violence targeted at school-aged children to sensitize adolescents on sexual violence preventive strategies. Also, health educators in collaboration with media houses through jingles, playlets and drama could incorporate sexual violence prevention messaging to help educate teens on actions to take when they get harassed or abused in any form. This would help in improving the prevention of sexual violence cases.
ASSESSMENT OF ATTITUDE TOWARD FOOD HYGIENE AMONGFOOD HANDLERS IN BOARDING SECONDARY SCHOOLS INNORTHWEST ZONE, NIGERIA
The study assessed the attitude toward food hygiene among food handlers in boarding secondary schools in North West Zone, Nigeria. To achieve this purpose, the descriptive survey research design was used and the target population for this study was 1112 and also, the sample size was 470 which were drawn from four states in the North West Zone of Nigeria. The participants were selected using multi-stage sampling techniques. A close-ended structured questionnaire based on the modified four (4) point Likert scale was used to obtain responses from the respondents. A pilot study was carried out to test the reliability of the instrument and a statistical analysis of Cronbach’s Alpha correlation coefficient of 0.88 was obtained. The 470 copies of the questionnaire were distributed to the respondents and retrieved. Descriptive statistics of means and standard deviations was used to answer the research question. The formulated hypothesis was tested at a 0.05 level of significance using inferential statistics of a one-sample t-test. The results revealed that attitude toward food hygiene among food handlers in boarding secondary schools in Northwest Zone, Nigeria was significant (p= 0.000 < 0.05). It was concluded that the food handlers in the boarding secondary schools in North West zone, Nigeria have a positive attitude towards food hygiene. The study recommended that the school management in boarding secondary schools in the Northwest Zone of Nigeria should implement incentive programs that recognize and reward exemplary food safety practices, fostering a culture of high hygiene standards and motivating food handlers to consistently prioritize food safety, thereby reinforcing positive attitudes and ensuring a safe and hygienic food environment.
ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE OF TOILET INFECTIONPREVENTIVE MEASURES AMONG BOARDING SECONDARYSCHOOL STUDENTS IN NORTH EAST, NIGERIA
The study assessed the knowledge of toilet infection preventive measures among boarding secondary school students in North East, Nigeria. To achieve this purpose, descriptive survey research design was used. The population for this study was twentyfive thousand seven hundred and seventy-three (25,773) female students in boarding secondary schools across North-East Nigeria. The sample size of 378 was selected using multistage sampling procedures which include stratified, simple random, purposive, and proportionate sampling. The instrument for data collection was a structured questionnaire developed by the researcher. The instrument was pilot-tested using Cronbach Alpha and a 0.851 coefficient value was obtained. The Descriptive statistics of frequency and simple percentages were used to analyze the demographic characteristics of the respondents. The research question was answered using mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics of one-sampled t-test was used to test the stated hypothesis at a 0.05 level of significance. The result revealed that the knowledge of toilet infection preventive measures is significant (t = 23.451; p = 0.000). Based on the results, the study concluded that the boarding secondary school students in North East, Nigeria have knowledge of toilet infection preventive measures. Based on the conclusion, the study recommends the need for the school management to implement comprehensive educational programmes to reinforce and maintain the high level of knowledge among boarding secondary school students in North East, Nigeria regarding toilet infection preventive measures.
ASSESSMENT OF KNOWLEDGE OF FOOD HYGIENE AMONGFOOD HANDLERS IN BOARDING SECONDARY SCHOOLS INNORTHWEST ZONE, NIGERIA
The study assessed the knowledge of food hygiene among food handlers in boarding secondary schools in North West Zone, Nigeria. To achieve this purpose, the descriptive survey research design was used and the target population for this study was 1112 and also, the sample size was 470 which were drawn from four states in the North West Zone of Nigeria. The participants were selected using multi-stage sampling techniques. A close-ended structured questionnaire based on the modified four (4) point Likert scale was used to obtain responses from the respondents. A pilot study was carried out to test the reliability of the instrument and statistical analysis Cronbach’s Alpha correlation coefficient of 0.88 was obtained. The 470 copies of the questionnaire were distributed to the respondents and retrieved. Descriptive statistics of mean and standard deviation was used to answer the research question. The formulated hypothesis was tested at a 0.05 level of significance using inferential statistics of a one-sample t-test. The results revealed that knowledge of food hygiene among food handlers in boarding secondary schools in Northwest Zone, Nigeria was significant (p = 0.000 < 0.05). It was concluded that the food handlers in boarding secondary schools in the North West zone, Nigeria have good knowledge of food hygiene. The study recommended that the federal, state, and local governments should implement comprehensive and mandatory workshops, seminars, or training programs for all food handlers in boarding secondary schools in the Northwest Zone of Nigeria, covering essential topics like proper food handling techniques, personal hygiene practices, sanitation procedures, and foodborne illness prevention, to enhance food safety standards and minimize health risks for students and staff.
HEALTHY LIVING PROMOTION, WATER FACILITIESDEVELOPMENT AS A TOOL TO CHALLENGING SEDENTARY LIFESTYLES AND PROVISION OF SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY SECURITY AMONG RESIDENTS OF ILESE IJEBU OGUN STATE NIGERIA.
The promotion of healthy living through activities such as health clubs, gym visits, recreation parks, and community water facilities has long been recognized as a vital approach to enhancing individual well-being. However, sedentary lifestyles continue to thrive in communities where such facilities are lacking. This study examines the impact of water facility development—including community fountains and swimming pools—as a strategic tool for promoting physical activity, reducing sedentary behaviour, and enhancing community security among residents of Ilese-Ijebu, Ogun State, Nigeria. A survey research design was employed, gathering responses from 100 residents aged 18 to 55 years using a random sampling technique. The findings revealed that 95% of respondents acknowledged that access to functional health promotion facilities significantly improves physical, mental, and social well-being while mitigating community vices. Despite the current absence of public water points and sports facilities, respondents strongly supported the integration of health promotion infrastructure into community development policies. The study concludes that investing in recreational and water-based community facilities can serve as a dual-purpose strategy for fostering active lifestyles and enhancing sustainable community security. Therefore, policy interventions should prioritize the provision of these facilities as a proactive measure to improve public health and social stability.
THE FOOD HYGIENE PRACTICES IN PREVENTING FOODHAZARDS AMONG FOOD HANDLERS IN UNIVERSITY OF ILORIN.
Food hygiene encompasses several principles and procedures to ensure food safety. Poor food hygiene practices put everyone at risk, and food handlers play a key role in ensuring food safety. Improper hand washing, allowing customers to have direct contact with food, talking while handling food, fixing and polishing nails and using phones during food handling by the food handlers are some factors contributing to food hazards and contamination, which can lead to food poisoning. This study assessed food hygiene practices in preventing food hazards among food handlers in University of Ilorin. The objective was to examine food hygiene practices, specifically hand washing and proper food handling. A descriptive cross-sectional research design was used for this study. The participants were food handlers at the University of Ilorin. A total sampling technique was employed to select all 117 food handlers working at 18 food vending establishments that sell cooked food on campus. A researcher-designed questionnaire and structured observation checklist were used for data collection, both of which were validated by three experts in the Department of Health Promotion and Environmental Health Education. A reliability coefficient (r) of 0.76 was obtained through test-retest reliability using Pearson's Product-Moment Correlation (PPMC). Two research questions were formulated and answered, while two hypotheses were tested at a 0.05 level of significance. The data collected were analyzed using percentage, frequency and chi-square. The results of the findings revealed that there is significant practice of proper hand washing, with the calculated chi-square value of 215.084 greater than the table value of 21.03 at 18 df. Also, there is significant practice of proper food handling, with a calculated chi-square value of 215.588 greater than the table value of 14.03 at 7 df. The study concluded that food handlers demonstrated proper hygiene practices in hand washing and food handling. It recommended that food handlers undergo continuous training to reinforce good hygiene practices. Additionally, the Campus Eatery Regulatory Board should ensure continuous monitoring to maintain compliance with proper food handling practices among food vendors on campus.
ASSESSMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF STANDARD SPORTSFACILITIES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BASKETBALL PLAYERSIN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITY GAMES ASSOCIATION (NUGA)COMPETITIONS
This study assessed the influence of standard sports facilities on the performance of Basketball players in Nigeria University Games Association (NUGA) competitions. Three (3) purposes and their corresponding Research Questions and Hypotheses were formulated to guide the study. Ex-post-facto research design was employed in the study. The population for this study was one thousand seven hundred and twenty-eight (1,728). This consisted of 96 Directors of Sports 96 Deputy Directors of Sports of Universities, 96 Basketball coaches and 1440 Basketball Players in Federal and States Universities in Nigeria. The sample size for this study was five hundred and forty (540) drawn using simple random and purposive sampling techniques. The instrument used in this study was a self-developed questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of three (3) sections A to C formed with (4) point modified Likert’s rating scale. In deciding on the research questions, the decision mean score of 2.50 was used. To validate the instrument and establish its reliability, a pilot study was conducted using fifty (50) respondents from Michael Opkara University Umudike, Abia State (25) and Adamawa State University, Mubi (25) where a Cronbach Alpha reliability index of 0.833 was obtained which made the instrument reliable for the study. The researcher and twelve (12) research assistants administered and retrieved the questionnaire for the study within six (6) weeks. The data collected was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 26. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research questions, while Chi-Square statistic was used to test all the null hypotheses at 0.05 alpha level of significance. Findings from the study revealed that Standard sports facilities significantly influenced the motivation, training and safety of basketball players for effective performance in NUGA competitions (p = 0.000). It was concluded that adequate provision of standard sports facilities influenced the level of motivation, player training and safety for the effective performance of basketball players in NUGA competitions. The study thus recommended that there is a need to ensure continuous provision of sports facilities for Basketball among Universities involved in the NUGA games competitions to maintain the level of motivation of players for effective performance.
EFFECT OF HEALTH EDUCATION INTERVENTION PROGRAMMEON UTILIZATION OF IMPLANT AND INTRAUTERINE DEVICEFAMILY PLANNING METHODS AMONG WOMEN IN BAUCHISTATE, NIGERIA
This study assessed the effect of health education intervention programme on the utilization of implant and intrauterine devices of family planning methods among women in Bauchi State, Nigeria. Quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test experimental and control group design was adopted for this study. The population of the study comprised 1,661,760 women in Bauchi State. The sample size of this study was one hundred (100) participants selected using a multi-stage sampling technique. The instrument used for data collection in this study was a researcher-structured close-ended questionnaire. Descriptive statistics of Frequency counts and percentages were used to describe the socio-demographic information of the respondents, Means and standard deviations were used to answer the research questions. Paired sample test was used to test the hypotheses formulated, at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that There was a significant difference between control and experimental groups on utilization of implant (t=4.210; P=.000); intrauterine device (IUD) (t=4.877; P=.000) contraceptive method as a family planning among women in Bauchi State, before and after health education intervention. Based on the findings of this study it was concluded that the health education intervention programme promotes the utilization of injectable, oral pill implant female sterilization diaphragm contraceptive method of family planning among women in Bauchi State because the effect of health education intervention programme was significant. It was, therefore, recommended among others that since there was a significant increase in the utilization of injectable contraceptives, targeted campaigns and educational programs should be implemented to further promote this method. Providing additional information on the benefits and proper usage of injectable contraceptives can help sustain and increase their utilization.
ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS OF FLOOD DISASTER AND HAZARDSON COMMUNITY HEALTH IN ILESE-IJEBU, OGUN STATE: THEHEALTH EDUCATION IMPLICATIONS
Floods are one of the most common hazards to cause disasters and have led to extensive morbidity and mortality throughout the world. The study aimed to assess the impacts of flood disasters on community health, and the health education implications. and to identify, evaluate and determine the use of managerial skills on urban drainage systems and flood disasters in the community. A descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. Two hundred and fifty (250) respondents were randomly selected among the inhabitants of Ilese-Ijebu. The findings reveal that 80% have adequate knowledge regarding flood disasters, they were aware that flood can lead to loss of life and properties, 70% of respondents agree that the waste disposal habit of the people is poor and has an impact on the occurrence of flood disaster, Results indicated by the perception of 98.4% that Health Education is vital to floods disaster mitigation. (80%) agreed that impacts on community health can be reduced by efficient disease surveillance during and after flooding, location of Health Care Facilities is also key to community health. The study concluded that people's perspective has a great impact on the consequences of flooding. The following recommendations were made the government should enforce environmental law and policy, and make provision for health educators and qualified environmental health officers in the community to educate and enlighten people on the proper way of disposing of their waste materials, causes and consequences of flood disaster.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INCINERATION AND THE INCIDENCEOF COMMUNICABLE DISEASES AMONG HOUSEHOLDS IN NORTHWEST ZONE, NIGERIA
This study examined the relationship between incineration and the incidence of communicable diseases among households in North West, Nigeria. Ex-post facto research design was used. The respondents were drawn through simple random sampling, proportionate sampling and systematic sampling techniques. A total of one thousand, one hundred and fifty-two (1,152) households were used as a sample for this study. A close-ended questionnaire was used to obtain responses from the respondents, one thousand, one hundred and fifty-two (1,152) copies of the questionnaire were administered, retrieved and valid for analysis. Mean and standard deviation were used to answer the research question and the hypothesis was tested at a 0.05 level of significance using PPMC. The findings of the study revealed that there is a significant relationship between incineration and the incidence of communicable diseases (cholera, typhoid and malaria) among households in North West Nigeria. (p = 0.013 < 0.05; r = 0.717). Based on the findings of the study, it was concluded that there is a positive relationship between incineration and the incidence of communicable diseases among households in North West Nigeria. It was recommended that there should be an effort from the local community to provide a public incineration where households will quickly dispose of the waste product.
ATTITUDE OF MOTHERS TOWARDS UTILIZATION OFIMMUNIZATION SERVICES IN EKET LOCAL GOVERNMENTAREA OF AKWA IBOM STATE
The purpose of this study was to determine the attitude of mothers towards the utilization of immunization services in Eket Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. To achieve the purpose of this study, two null hypotheses were formulated and tested at a 0.05 level of significance. A review of relevant literature was carried out according to the variables in the study. Survey research design was employed for the study. Simple random sampling technique was adopted to select the six communities while a purposive sampling technique was employed to select the two hundred and forty-three (243) respondents used for the study. A structured questionnaire was the instrument utilized for data collection. The instrument was vetted by relevant authorities. Pearson Product Moment Correlation and One-way Analysis of Variance statistical tools were used to test the hypotheses formulated for the study for data analysis among mothers in Eket Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State at 0.05 alpha level or level of significance. The result of the analysis of data and hypotheses testing revealed that there was a significant relationship between knowledge of immunization and family income on the attitude of mothers towards the utilization of immunization services in Eket L.G.A. Based on these findings, it is recommended among others that Health Educators should continue to sensitize mothers within the study area to further empower them with the relevant knowledge required for the effective utilization of immunization services for their children.
AWARENESS OF OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS AMONGHEALTHCARE WORKERS IN TEACHING HOSPITALS INNIGERIA
The study assesses the awareness of occupational hazards among healthcare workers in teaching hospitals in Nigeria. A descriptive research design of survey type was employed in this study. The population of this study consists of twenty-five thousand, five hundred and fifty (25,550) healthcare workers in teaching hospitals in Nigeria. The sample size for this study is three hundred and forty-eight (348), which was selected among healthcare workers at teaching hospitals in Northern Nigeria by using a multi-stage sampling technique. The instrument for data collection was the researcher's designed, structured questionnaire. An inferential statistic of one sample t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test the hypothesis at the 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that there was significant awareness of occupational hazards among healthcare workers in teaching hospitals in Nigeria (t=118.047, df:339; P=.000) and there is no significant difference in awareness of occupational hazards among healthcare workers in teaching hospitals in Nigeria based on their cadre (F =.591, df = 6,333; P > 0.05). Based on the findings of this study it was concluded that healthcare workers at teaching hospitals in Nigeria are aware of occupational hazards and there was no difference in awareness of occupational hazards among healthcare workers of teaching hospitals in Nigeria based on their cadre. It was therefore recommended, among others, that the Federal Ministry of Health, in partnership with non-governmental organisations, should regularly conduct seminars and workshops for healthcare workers in teaching hospitals across Nigeria. This initiative aims to enhance awareness and adherence to occupational hazards and safety practices, ensuring sustained and effective safety measures.
TRENDS IN ABUSE AND MISUSE OF PRESCRIPTION DRUGS INNIGERIA: A CALL TO ATTENTION FOR HEALTH EDUCATORS
Difficulty of utilizing drugs or chemicals for the purpose of treatment and relief from discomfort has led to misuse and abuse of medical drugs which has become a concern. Consequently, urgent attention is required from the society since its dimension has necessitated banning of some pharmaceutical drugs by the Nigeria Federal Ministry of Health in order to stop patronage by drug abusers, thereby denying those in need of the drugs legitimately access to treatment. Banned importation of selected drugs such as pain killer tramadol, cough syrups containing codeine has not decreased level of drug abuse and constitutes challenges not only to the government but also health organizations, health promoters and the society at large. This article provides insight to emerging trend in the abuse and misuse of medical drugs within the country with Opioids as the second most commonly abused drugs. This article explored three main prescription drugs commonly misused including reasons and consequences of abuse. Also, discussed is influence of social media, information and communication technology (ICT) on the use of prescription drugs including the roles of the Health Ministry and Agencies for drug protection. The paper explored the roles of health educators in the prevention of misuse and abuse of prescription drugs; and therefore, concluded that there is need to intensify drug education an aspect of health education to curb the abuse and misuse of prescription drugs using various strategies and media of health communication. It was recommended that routine checks at various points where suspected drugs could be abused such as pharmacy, clubs and hotels. Provision of valid identity cards to all residents in the country including minors to minimize the rate of drug abuse and that Nigerian Government should work closely with the internet service providers of different telecommunication agencies to restrict certain information from teenagers.
ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE TEACHINGS OF ISLAM ANDCHRISTIANITY ON OPEN DEFECATION AND ITS IMPLICATIONS TOHUMAN HEALTH AND SOCIETY
Open defecation (OD) remains a major global public health and environmental challenge, imposing significant social, economic, and health burdens on communities worldwide. Despite advances in sanitation infrastructure, millions of people still practice OD, resulting in the spread of diarrheal diseases, stunting in children, helminth infections, and environmental contamination. The research problem addressed in this paper is the persistence of OD despite clear religious injunctions in Islam and Christianity that emphasize cleanliness, privacy, and the prevention of harm. The objective of this paper is to analyze the teachings of Islam and Christianity on sanitation and environmental stewardship, and to integrate them with contemporary public-health evidence in order to provide faith-informed strategies for eliminating OD. The significance of this study lies in its contribution to both religious scholarship and public-health interventions. By drawing on Qur’anic injunctions (e.g., Qur’an 2:222) and Biblical teachings (e.g., Deuteronomy 23:12–14), as well as prophetic and Christian ethical principles, the study demonstrates how religious values can reinforce scientific efforts toward improved sanitation and societal well-being. Findings indicate, first, that both Islam and Christianity strongly align with modern sanitation principles by promoting cleanliness, privacy, and harm-prevention. Second, faith leaders play a crucial role in influencing community behavior, making religious engagement essential for effective sanitation campaigns. In conclusion, integrating religious teachings with public-health strategies can accelerate the elimination of OD by shaping community norms, enhancing compliance, and fostering holistic well-being. Recommendations include, first, that religious leaders incorporate sanitation messages into sermons and community outreach, thereby linking faith with practical hygiene practices. Second, policymakers and development partners should partner with faith-based institutions to design community-owned sanitation programs that are culturally sensitive and sustainable.
EVALUATING THE SOCIOECONOMIC BENEFITS OF COMMUNITYBASED GREEN ENERGY PROJECTS IN ZARIA METROPOLIS:IMPLICATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOODS FOR PUBLICHEALTH EQUITY
This study evaluates the socioeconomic benefits of community-based green energy projects in Zaria Metropolis and their implications for sustainable livelihoods and public health equity. A correlational research design was adopted, targeting a population of 300 households across selected communities, from which 295 respondents were sampled using a stratified random technique. A structured questionnaire served as the main instrument, while data were analysed with descriptive statistics and Pearson Product-Moment Correlation. Findings revealed strong and significant positive relationships between green energy access (r = 0.652), socioeconomic participation and employment (r = 0.490), and infrastructure-driven health access (r = 0.653) with sustainable livelihoods, all at p = 0.000. These results confirm that community-based renewable energy projects enhance income generation, employment opportunities, and health service delivery. The study concludes that decentralised green energy promotes public health equity and sustainable development, recommending community engagement, policy support, vocational training, and strategic investment for maximum impact.
STRESS COPING TECHNIQUES FOR NIGERIAN WOMEN IN SPORT
Stress refers to pressure, tension, or worries arising from problematic situations in an individual’s life. There has been an influx of women into the labour force; this is due to the far-reaching changes in sports activities for women all over the world, and in Nigeria in particular. The sport sector in Nigeria has experienced changes in the increment number of women entering the profession in recent years. This study explored the sources of stress and use of coping styles and techniques among Nigerian women in sport. Common sources of stress identified were injury and illness, pressures of competition, the referee, conflict with the coach, and spectators. Studies suggest that interventions designed to reduce stress should seek to increase the use of avoidance and approach styles to cope with stress.
ERCEIVED EFFECTS OF NOISE POLLUTION ON WELL-BEING OFWORKERS IN DANGOTE FLOUR MILL FACTORY, ILORIN,KWARA STATE, NIGERIA.
This study investigates the perceived effects of noise pollution on the well-being of workers in Dangote Flour Mill Factory, Ilorin, Kwara State. A descriptive research design of the survey type was used for the study. The population for the study comprised all Dangote Flour Mill factory workers, Ilorin, Kwara State. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 420 respondents. A researcher designed a questionnaire, which was validated by the supervisor and three other experts from the Departments of Health Promotion and Environmental Health Education, University of Ilorin was used. A reliability coefficient of r = .70 was obtained through a test-retest method using Pearson Product-Moment Correlation. Questionnaires were administered and collected by the researcher with three trained research assistants. Descriptive statistics of frequency counts and percentages were used to analyse the demographic data, while the inferential statistics of Pearson Product-Moment Correlation were used to test the null hypotheses set for the study at 0.05 alpha level. The findings of the study revealed that hearing loss with (calculated r value = 0.477> critical r value = 0.082 degree of freedom = 418), sleep pattern with (calculated r value = 0.521 > critical r value = 0.082 degree of freedom = 418) and mental health with (calculated r value = 0.618 > critical r value = 0.082 degree of freedom = 418). The study concluded that hearing loss, sleep patterns, and mental health are significant perceived effects of noise pollution on the well-being of workers in Dangote Flour Mill, Ilorin, Kwara State. Based on the conclusion, the following recommendations were made: The use of hearing pad to prevent hearing loss should be enforced among the factory workers, and those already suffering from hearing loss should go for proper medical care. Factory workers should not live near factory areas to have better and more restful sleeping patterns. Finally, factory workers should be given time to rest at intervals of hours to allow them to have mental alertness, and for workers already having mental health problems, job security and adequate mental health care should be provided for them.
PERCEIVED EFFECT OF NON-COMPLIANCE TO PUBLIC HEALTHSAFETY MEASURES AMONG WORKERS IN GENERAL HOSPITALIN ONDO TOWN
This study was carried out to investigate the perceived effect of non-compliance with public health safety measures among workers in General Hospital in Ondo Town. Descriptive research of the survey type was adopted for this study. 455 respondents were sampled for the study (including doctors, nurses, laboratory scientists, and hospital attendants) and were selected using purposive sampling. A structured questionnaire validated by experts was used for data collection. Data were analysed using inferential statistics of Chi-square (χ²) at 0.05 alpha level. The findings of the study revealed the following: Biological hazards were significantly perceived as effects of non-compliance (Cal χ² = 207.03 > Tab χ² = 16.92); Chemical hazards were significantly perceived as effects of non-compliance (Cal χ² = 282.33 > Tab χ² = 16.92); Physical hazards were also significantly perceived as effects of non-compliance (Cal χ² = 282.33 > Tab χ² = 16.92). Based on these findings, it was concluded that health workers in Selected Hospitals in Ondo Town are at increased risk of exposure to various occupational hazards due to non-compliance with public health safety measures. It is therefore recommended that the hospital management should ensure strict enforcement of safety protocols, provide regular training on hazard prevention, and make personal protective equipment (PPE) readily available and mandatory for use. Establishing a strong culture of safety within the hospital will help safeguard health workers and enhance quality patient care.
RISK PERCEPTION OF COVID-19 AMONG ADULTS IN JALINGO,TARABA STATE, NIGERIA
This community-based cross-sectional study aimed to determine the risk perception of COVID-19 among adults in Jalingo. The study involved 420 consenting adults. A self-structured questionnaire with a reliability coefficient of 0.86 (Cronbach's Alpha) was used for data collection. A pilot study was conducted using 20 of the participants. The questionnaires were administered by hand and collected on the spot. The information obtained was analysed using descriptive statistics and presented in tables and figures, while the differences between variables were tested using the Chi-square test at a 0.05 level of significance and a 95% confidence interval. The results revealed that the variables with the highest percentages of participants who strongly agreed with the statement “COVID-19 is a severe disease” were: 101 (54.5%) males, 43 (55.8%) in the 26–35 age group, 153 (60%) employed, and 10 (71.4%) secondary school leavers. For the statement “COVID-19 prevents regular association,” 89 (48.1%) males, 11 (57.9%) aged 46–55, 134 (52.5%) employed, and 111 (57.8%) participants with no formal education (NFE) strongly agreed. Regarding the statement “I may likely get COVID-19 in the course of the pandemic,” 104 (44.3%) males, 47 (62%) in the 26–35 age group, 134 (52.5%) employed, and 114 participants with no formal education strongly agreed. For the statement “There is a chance that my close relative may contract COVID-19,” 111 (60%) males, 63 (81.8%) aged 26–35, 153 (60%) employed, and 114 (59.4%) with no formal education strongly agreed. Lastly, 97 (52.4%) males, 43 (55.8%) in the 26–35 age group, 134 (52.5%) employed, and 113 (58.9%) participants with no formal education strongly agreed with the statement that “COVID-19 will affect many Nigerians.” In conclusion, gender, age, employment status, and educational level influenced the risk perception of COVID-19. It is therefore recommended that more public enlightenment is needed to enable the population to have an accurate perception of the risks associated with COVID-19.
INFLUENCE OF PARENTAL CARE ON PREVENTION OFSUBSTANCE ABUSE AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN SABON GARILOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA, KADUNA STATE
This study investigated the influence of parental care on preventing substance abuse among adolescents in Sabon Gari Local Government Area, Kaduna State. Utilising a descriptive survey design, the research explores the relationship between the quality of parental care, specific parenting practices, and the likelihood of adolescent substance abuse. The descriptive survey design was used for the study. The current estimated population in 2022, at a 2.5% annual increase, is 430,500 for Sabon-Gari. The sample size is three hundred and eighty-four (384). The instrument used for data collection is a structured questionnaire. The findings reveal that there is a significant relationship between specific parenting practices that are most effective in preventing substance abuse among adolescents in Sabon Gari Local Government Area, Kaduna State. Moreover, specific parenting practices, including setting clear expectations and consequences, regular family discussions on substance abuse, consistent reinforcement of positive behaviours, structured routines, and parental involvement in school and extracurricular activities, are identified as effective strategies in preventing substance abuse. The study recommends targeted interventions that leverage the positive influence of parental care on adolescent behaviour. These interventions could involve educational programs for parents, particularly mothers, focusing on enhancing parenting skills and fostering open communication about substance abuse risks. The findings also highlight the need for interventions tailored to the age and gender differences among adolescents, recognising that parental support may have a more significant impact on older adolescents. Overall, this research contributes valuable insights to the ongoing discourse on adolescent substance abuse prevention, offering a foundation for the development of evidence-based interventions in Sabon-Gari and similar communities.